Which of the following is not a type of ceramic-tissue attachment?

Ceramic-tissue attachments can involve several mechanisms through which ceramics integrate with biological tissues. Among these, the primary methods include morphological fixation, biological fixation, and bioactive fixation, all of which describe specific interactions between the ceramic material and the surrounding tissue.

Morphological fixation refers to the physical interlocking of ceramic materials with the bone structure, providing stability through shape and surface topography. Biological fixation involves integration at the cellular level, where biological processes, such as the formation of a chemical bond or the ingrowth of tissues, contribute to the attachment of the ceramic to the surrounding tissue. Bioactive fixation refers to the ability of the ceramic material to form a biological bond with tissues, often mediated by surface reactivity that promotes interaction with proteins and cells.

In contrast, ionic-covalent fixation is not recognized as a conventional type of ceramic-tissue attachment. While ionic and covalent interactions are important in many chemical and biological contexts, this specific term does not typically apply to the characterization of how ceramic materials bond with tissues in the realm of tissue engineering. Thus, identifying ionic-covalent fixation as a non-existent type of ceramic-tissue attachment highlights its absence from the established categories used in the field.