Which of the following does not cause resorption?

In the context of tissue engineering, resorption refers to the process where scaffold materials or biological tissues are broken down and absorbed by the body. The correct answer, "none of the above," indicates that all the listed options can contribute to resorption processes.

Physiologic dissolution involves the breakdown of material in response to physiological conditions, facilitating resorption. Physical disintegration refers to the mechanical breakdown of materials, which can enhance the surface area for biological interactions and contribute to resorption. Biological factors include the action of cells that promote the degradation and absorption of materials, such as osteoclasts in bone tissue.

Therefore, since all these processes—physiologic dissolution, physical disintegration, and biological factors—contribute to the resorption of materials, the answer aligns with the premise that none of these factors can be excluded from causing resorption. This understanding is fundamental in tissue engineering as it informs the design of scaffolds that degrade at appropriate rates to support tissue regeneration.