Which loading modality was chosen to induce AF-like cells and matrix?

The choice of loading modality that involves a 6% strain and a frequency of 1 Hz is effective for inducing atrial fibrillation-like (AF-like) cells and matrix due to the specific mechanical conditions that mimic physiological environments. Strain levels and frequencies play crucial roles in cellular behavior, differentiation, and matrix production in tissue engineering.

Using a 6% strain is substantial enough to activate mechanotransductive pathways, stimulating the cells to produce the necessary factors that contribute to the AF-like phenotype. The frequency of 1 Hz is relevant as it closely aligns with the heart's natural beating pattern, making it more biologically relevant for inducing cardiomyocyte-like behavior in engineered tissues.

The combination of a moderate strain with a higher frequency provides the right balance that encourages cellular response without overwhelming the cells, fostering an environment conducive to the generation of AF-like characteristics. This loading modality allows for optimal signal transduction while ensuring that the physical environment remains supportive of cell viability and function.

In contrast, higher strain levels or lower frequencies could either exceed physiological limits or fail to adequately simulate the dynamic conditions experienced in vivo, which are essential for effectively driving the desired cellular differentiation and matrix deposition.