Which growth factor enhances proliferation of MSC and induces them into tenocytes?

The correct choice is a growth factor that plays a crucial role in the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tenocytes, which are specialized cells responsible for the structure and function of tendons.

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), known for its potent mitogenic properties, promotes the proliferation of MSCs, thereby enhancing their numbers. Furthermore, it has been shown to facilitate the differentiation process of these stem cells into tenocyte-like cells. This characteristic makes bFGF particularly relevant for applications in tissue engineering focused on tendon repair and regeneration.

The other options, while significant in their own contexts, do not specifically target the proliferation of MSCs and their transition into tenocytes as effectively as bFGF does. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is primarily involved in angiogenesis, while Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF-5) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 12 (BMP-12) are generally associated with cartilage and bone formation rather than directly inducing tenocyte differentiation. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is involved in wound healing and has roles in cell migration but does not directly induce the conversion of MSCs to tenocytes as effectively