What is the process where replicated chromosomes separate into distinct groups at each pole of the cell called?

The process where replicated chromosomes separate into distinct groups at each pole of the cell is known as anaphase. During anaphase, the centromeres that hold the sister chromatids together split, allowing the individual chromatids to be pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. This separation is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell ends up with an identical set of chromosomes after cell division.

In the context of the cell cycle, anaphase follows metaphase, where chromosomes are aligned at the cell's equator, and precedes telophase, where the separated chromosomes begin to de-condense and nuclear envelopes reform around each set. Prophase is the stage where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but does not involve the separation of chromosomes. Therefore, anaphase specifically addresses the key event of separating the replicated chromosomes, which is critical for successful cell division.