What does differentiation refer to in stem cells?

Differentiation in stem cells specifically refers to the process by which stem cells develop into specialized cell types. This is a fundamental characteristic of stem cells that allows them to transition from a pluripotent or multipotent state into distinct, functionally specialized cells that perform unique roles within various tissues of the body.

While stem cells possess the capability to proliferate and potentially generate a variety of cell types, the essence of differentiation is centered on this conversion into specialized cells—like neurons, muscle cells, or blood cells—each with specific functions and characteristics. This ability to form various types of cells underlines the importance of stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, where the goal is often to repair or replace damaged tissues by exploiting the differentiation potential of stem cells.

In contrast, the other choices focus on different aspects of stem cell function, such as generating identical copies or creating specialized cells from other tissue types, without capturing the core meaning of differentiation itself.