Multi-length scale FEM can be used to quantify strain variations in which of the following?

Multi-length scale finite element methods (FEM) can effectively quantify strain variations at both the tissue level (macro-scale) and the cellular level (micro-scale). This capability arises from the versatility of FEM in modeling complex structures and mechanical behavior across various scales.

At the tissue level, FEM can simulate how large-scale tissue constructs respond under different loading conditions, allowing researchers to study the overall mechanical behavior, such as deformation and stress distribution, in response to physiological or pathological influences.

Simultaneously, at the cellular level, FEM can also address the interactions and mechanical responses of individual cells within their extracellular matrix, providing insights into how cells respond to mechanical stimuli and how these responses might influence tissue development or healing.

Integrating these two scales enables a comprehensive understanding of how mechanical stresses and strains propagate from the macro to the micro level, making it possible to correlate tissue mechanics with cellular behavior, which is essential in tissue engineering applications. Thus, the option indicating that multi-length scale FEM can be used to quantify strain variations at both the tissue and cellular levels accurately reflects this capability.